You can create your own wording for the bracketed description see Section 9. Do not italicize bracketed information, even if the title of the work is italicized. The following example YouTube video reference contains a bracketed description of form i. American Psychological Association. Introducing the 7th ed. In general, to determine whether to use parentheses or brackets in a reference, look at the template and reference example in the Publication Manual for the type of work you want to cite.
When both parentheses and brackets are present, place the parenthetical information first and the bracketed description second. The following dissertation example reference contains both parentheses and brackets corresponding to the publication number in parentheses and the description of the context of the work in brackets.
Philips, L. PQDT Open. A tale of two reference formats. Subscribe to the new APA Style monthly newsletter to get news, updates, and resources delivered directly to your inbox. Reference List. Cite this. New York, NY: Springer. Skip to content Writing Commons The encyclopedia for writers, researchers, and knowledge workers.
Main Menu. How Can We Help You? In written documents of various types, parentheses are also used around numbers and letters in connection with various lists, numbered examples in a text such as this one, etc.
Here is an example of what this may look like:. In academic writing, parentheses are also used in some reference systems both when we refer to our sources in the text and in our reference lists or bibliographies.
Parentheses are also used to enclose cross-references of the type found in 8 :. Finally, please note that it is common practice not to capitalise the first letter of a sentence within parenthesis, or use a full stop at the end, when this parenthesis is inserted inside or at the very end of another orthographic sentence see definition of 'orthographic sentence' below , as in 9.
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